English 11th Grade — The Passive Voice
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📘 Regra Gramatical: A Voz Passiva (Passive Voice)
Antes de começares, revê as estruturas essenciais. A voz passiva usa sempre o verbo be no tempo adequado + past participle (particípio passado). O objeto da ativa passa a sujeito da passiva; o agente (quem faz) é opcional e introduzido por by.
1. Tempos verbais na passiva
| Tempo / Estrutura | Fórmula | Exemplo |
|---|---|---|
| Present Simple | am / is / are + pp | English is spoken here. |
| Past Simple | was / were + pp | The letter was sent yesterday. |
| Present Continuous | am / is / are being + pp | The car is being repaired. |
| Past Continuous | was / were being + pp | The road was being repaired. |
| Present Perfect | has / have been + pp | The problem has been solved. |
| Past Perfect | had been + pp | The evidence had been destroyed. |
| Future Simple | will be + pp | The results will be announced. |
| Future Perfect | will have been + pp | The centre will have been completed. |
| Going to | is / are going to be + pp | The factory is going to be demolished. |
2. Modais e infinitivos
- Modal + be + pp: The assignments must be submitted before Friday.
- Modal + have been + pp: The door must have been left open.
- Infinitivo passivo (to be + pp): The building is expected to be completed soon.
- Infinitivo passivo perfeito (to have been + pp): He is believed to have accepted a bribe.
- Gerúndio passivo (being + pp): She denied being involved in the robbery.
3. Estruturas de relato (Reporting Verbs)
Transformam-se em duas construções passivas:
- It is said that… → It is said that the company is planning…
- Sujeito + is said + to-infinitive → The company is said to be planning…
- Para ações anteriores ao relato usa-se to have + pp → The painting is thought to have been stolen.
4. Causativa: have / get something done
- have + objeto + pp: I had my car repaired.
- get + objeto + pp: He got his passport renewed.
- Usa-se quando a ação é feita por outra pessoa.
5. Casos especiais e armadilhas
- Make / see / hear + objeto + infinitivo sem “to” → na passiva usa-se to-infinitive: The students were made to clean…
- Verbos com dois objetos (offer, give, send…): o objeto indireto pode ser sujeito → The candidate was offered a permanent position.
- Worth / need + gerúndio com sentido passivo: The proposal is worth considering. / The issue needs dealing with.
- “The injured” (os feridos) é plural: The injured were taken to hospital.
- Having been + pp (particípio passado composto): Having been warned…
Dica: identifica sempre o tempo verbal da frase ativa e aplica a fórmula correspondente. O particípio passado (pp) é a terceira coluna dos verbos irregulares ou o verbo terminado em -ed.
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